utorak 8. rujna 2026.
Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Učitavanje katoličkih vijesti…
Vremenska crta
Veliki trenuci u životu Crkve — od danas unatrag kroz sabora, oce, pape, čuda, ukazanja i širu povijest koja je oblikovala kršćanstvo.
8 May 2025–present
Oci
Vatican City
Elected 8 May 2025. First pope from the United States; Order of Saint Augustine.
8 May 2025–present
Pape
Vatican City
Elected 8 May 2025. First pope from the United States; Order of Saint Augustine.
2013–2025
Oci
Rome
First Jesuit and Latin American pope; synodality and care for the poor.
today
Liturgija
Worldwide
The Mass of Paul VI, with the third typical edition of the Missal, remains the ordinary liturgy of the Latin Church worldwide.
24 Oct 2024
Enciklike
Rome
On the human and divine love of the Heart of Jesus Christ.
2023–
Svjetovna
Israel / Gaza
War after the October 7 attacks; Gaza, hostages, and a wider regional crisis.
29 Jun 2022
Liturgija
Rome
Francis’s apostolic letter on liturgical formation calls the whole Church to rediscover the beauty of the liturgy.
2022–
Svjetovna
Ukraine / Europe
Full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine; Europe’s largest war since 1945.
10 May 2021
Liturgija
Rome
Francis institutes the lay ministry of catechist, complementary to liturgical ministries around the Mass.
10 Jan 2021
Liturgija
Rome
Motu proprio opens the instituted ministries of lector and acolyte to women as well as men.
16 Jul 2021
Liturgija
Rome
Accompanying letter explains the pastoral reasons for restricting the 1962 Missal and affirming the reformed liturgy.
16 Jul 2021
Liturgija
Rome
Francis restricts use of the 1962 Missal and affirms the liturgical books of Paul VI and John Paul II as the unique expression of the lex orandi of the Roman Rite.
18 Dec 2021
Liturgija
Rome
The Congregation for Divine Worship answers questions on implementing the motu proprio’s norms.
2020–2023
Svjetovna
World
Global pandemic; lockdowns, mass death, and disruption of worship, work, and public life.
3 Oct 2020
Enciklike
Rome
On fraternity and social friendship in a fragmented world.
3 Sep 2017
Liturgija
Rome
Francis’s motu proprio adjusts canon law so episcopal conferences have greater responsibility for liturgical translations.
24 May 2015
Enciklike
Rome
On care for our common home — integral ecology, the poor, and creation.
c. 2015
Oci
A practical parish guide for a communal Holy Hour with Eucharistic Exposition and Benediction. It covers vesture and vessels, server notes, the order of Exposition, options for Adoration (Scripture and fervorino, silence, Liturgy of the Hours, Rosary), Benediction with Tantum Ergo and the Divine Praises, and Reposition. Adapted for SanctumNomen from a parish Presider’s Guide circulated as a PDF (c. 2015). Hymns and praises are traditional liturgical forms; the checklists and pastoral suggestions follow the source booklet. Only a priest or deacon may preside at communal Exposition with Benediction.
2013–2025
Pape
Rome
First Jesuit and Latin American pope; synodality and care for the poor.
29 Jun 2013
Enciklike
Rome
Encyclical on faith begun by Benedict XVI and completed by Francis — the light of faith.
2013
Euharistijska čuda
Legnica, Poland
Čudo mjesta
27 Nov 2011
Liturgija
English-speaking world
English-speaking countries implement a revised translation of the third typical edition at Mass.
30 Apr 2011
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction clarifies norms for celebrating the 1962 liturgy under Summorum Pontificum.
29 Jun 2009
Enciklike
Rome
On integral human development in charity and truth in the global economy.
2008
Liturgija
Rome
Corrected reprint of the third typical edition becomes the Latin reference for translators.
2008
Euharistijska čuda
Sokółka 2008, Poland
Čudo mjesta
22 Feb 2007
Liturgija
Rome
Benedict XVI’s apostolic exhortation on the Eucharist as the source and summit of the Church’s life.
7 Jul 2007
Liturgija
Rome
Benedict XVI liberalizes use of the 1962 Missal as an extraordinary form alongside the Ordinary Form.
30 Nov 2007
Enciklike
Rome
On Christian hope grounded in God, not in progress alone.
2006
Euharistijska čuda
Tixtla, Mexico
Čudo mjesta
2005–2013
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 2005 to 2013
25 Dec 2005
Enciklike
Rome
First encyclical of Benedict XVI: God is love — eros, agape, and the Church’s charity.
7 Oct 2004
Liturgija
Rome
Apostolic letter for the Year of the Eucharist urges deeper love for the Mass and adoration.
25 Mar 2004
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction on abuses and norms for the Eucharist reinforces reverence in celebrating and receiving Holy Communion.
2003–2011
Svjetovna
Iraq
Invasion of Iraq and occupation; regime change, insurgency, and lasting regional upheaval.
4 Dec 2003
Liturgija
Rome
John Paul II marks forty years of Sacrosanctum Concilium and calls for a new liturgical spirituality.
17 Apr 2003
Enciklike
Rome
On the Eucharist in its relationship to the Church — source and summit of ecclesial life.
2002
Liturgija
Rome
The General Instruction is updated with the editio typica tertia, clarifying roles, gestures, and arrangement of the celebration.
2002
Liturgija
Rome
Editio typica tertia of the Ordinary Form Missal; basis for later vernacular translations.
2001–2021
Svjetovna
Afghanistan
U.S.-led intervention after September 11; two decades of war end with Taliban return in 2021.
28 Mar 2001
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction on vernacular translation of liturgical texts calls for greater fidelity to the Latin typical edition.
2001
Svjetovna
United States
Terror in the United States; new conflicts involving the West and the Middle East.
2001
Euharistijska čuda
Chirattakonam, India
Čudo mjesta
2000
Svjetovna
Rome / World
Millennium celebration of the Incarnation under John Paul II.
2000
Marijansko ukazanje
Sievernich, Germany
U istraživanju
31 May 1998
Liturgija
Rome
Apostolic letter on keeping the Lord’s Day, centered on the Sunday Eucharist.
14 Sep 1998
Enciklike
Rome
On the relationship between faith and reason in the search for truth.
15 Aug 1997
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction on collaboration of the non-ordained in priestly ministry, including liturgical roles.
25 Mar 1995
Enciklike
Rome
On the value and inviolability of human life — against abortion, euthanasia, and the culture of death.
25 May 1995
Enciklike
Rome
On commitment to ecumenism and the quest for full Christian unity.
1995
Marijansko ukazanje
Civitavecchia, Italy
U istraživanju
1995
Marijansko ukazanje
Civitavecchia, Italy
U istraživanju
25 Jan 1994
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction on inculturation of the Roman Rite within the unity of the Latin liturgy.
6 Aug 1993
Enciklike
Rome
On the splendor of truth and the foundations of the Church’s moral teaching.
1992–1995
Svjetovna
Bosnia and Herzegovina
War in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Sarajevo under siege, ethnic cleansing, Srebrenica.
1992-1994-1996
Euharistijska čuda
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Čudo mjesta
1992
Marijansko ukazanje
Akwamu, Ghana
U istraživanju
1991–1995
Svjetovna
Croatia
War for Croatia’s independence amid the breakup of Yugoslavia; cities under siege, mass displacement.
1991
Svjetovna
Eurasia
End of the Cold War order; religious life reopens in the East.
1 May 1991
Enciklike
Rome
Hundredth anniversary of Rerum Novarum; reflects on 1989 and the free society under moral truth.
1991
Euharistijska čuda
Betania, Venezuela
Čudo mjesta
7 Dec 1990
Enciklike
Rome
On the permanent validity of the Church’s missionary mandate.
1989
Svjetovna
Berlin
Collapse of communist regimes in Central Europe; John Paul II’s era.
2 Jul 1988
Liturgija
Rome
John Paul II urges generous application of norms for the older form of the Roman Rite.
16 Jan 1988
Liturgija
Rome
Circular letter on preparing and celebrating the Paschal feasts, guiding Holy Week and the Triduum.
4 Dec 1988
Liturgija
Rome
John Paul II’s apostolic letter marks twenty-five years of Sacrosanctum Concilium and urges faithful implementation.
25 Mar 1987
Enciklike
Rome
On the Blessed Virgin Mary in the life of the pilgrim Church.
30 Dec 1987
Enciklike
Rome
On social concern twenty years after Populorum Progressio.
18 May 1986
Enciklike
Rome
On the Holy Spirit in the life of the Church and the world.
2 Jun 1985
Enciklike
Rome
On Saints Cyril and Methodius and the evangelization of the Slavic peoples.
1985
Marijansko ukazanje
Luiza, Democratic Republic of the Congo
U istraživanju
1984
Liturgija
Rome
Bishops may permit celebrations according to the 1962 Missal under limited conditions.
1983
Liturgija
Rome
The revised Code restates norms for celebration, reservation, and the Sunday obligation in the Latin Church.
1983
Marijansko ukazanje
San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Argentina
Odobrio biskup
1983
Marijansko ukazanje
Varsóvia, Poland
U istraživanju
14 Sep 1981
Enciklike
Rome
On human work, for the ninetieth anniversary of Rerum Novarum.
1981
Marijansko ukazanje
Kibeho, Rwanda
Odobrio biskup
1981
Marijansko ukazanje
Medjugorje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Odobrena pobožnost
30 Nov 1980
Enciklike
Rome
On God the Father rich in mercy, revealed in Christ.
1980
Marijansko ukazanje
Cuapa, Nicaragua
Odobrio biskup
4 Mar 1979
Enciklike
Rome
First encyclical of John Paul II: Christ the Redeemer as the center of the Church’s mission.
1978–2005
Pape
Rome
1978
Pape
Rome
1976
Marijansko ukazanje
Betania, Venezuela
Odobrio biskup
1975–1985
Liturgija
Rome
Prayers for Reconciliation and for Masses with Children expand the Missal’s anaphoras.
1975
Liturgija
Rome
A revised editio typica of the post-conciliar Missal incorporates early amendments and new formularies.
1 Nov 1973
Liturgija
Rome
Pastoral norms adapt certain elements of the Mass when many of the assembly are children.
29 Jan 1973
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction widens possibilities for Communion under both kinds and for extraordinary ministers.
1973
Liturgija
Rome / Worldwide
Norms allow instituted or commissioned lay faithful to assist with distribution of Communion when needed.
1973
Marijansko ukazanje
Akita, Japan
Odobrio biskup
5 Sep 1970
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction guiding implementation of the reformed rites and cautioning against unauthorized experimentation.
post-1970
Liturgija
Rome
The reformed Missal’s additional anaphoras include clear invocations of the Spirit over the gifts and the people.
1970
Liturgija
Rome
The Latin editio typica of the reformed Missal appears for use throughout the Latin Church.
1969–1970
Liturgija
Rome
A vastly expanded cycle of Scripture readings opens the Bible more lavishly at Mass, as Sacrosanctum Concilium asked.
1969
Liturgija
Rome
The liturgical year is reworked: Pre-Lent suppressed, many octaves removed, saints’ rankings simplified.
8 May 1969
Liturgija
Rome
Paul VI establishes a congregation dedicated to the liturgy as the reformed books are promulgated.
25 Jan 1969
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction on liturgical translation guides early vernacular versions of the reformed books.
1969 onward
Liturgija
Worldwide
Some episcopal conferences receive permission for Communion in the hand alongside the traditional manner.
1969 / revisions
Liturgija
Rome
The GIRM explains the structure, roles, and norms of the Ordinary Form celebration of Mass.
1969
Liturgija
Rome
The Order of Readings for Mass establishes the expanded weekday and Sunday lectionary system.
3 Apr 1969
Liturgija
Rome
Apostolic constitution Missale Romanum approves the revised Ordo Missae of the Ordinary Form.
1969
Euharistijska čuda
San Mauro La Bruca, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1968–1970
Liturgija
Rome
Besides the Roman Canon, additional Eucharistic Prayers enter the Missal for the first time in centuries.
25 Jul 1968
Enciklike
Rome
On the regulation of birth; reaffirms the Church’s teaching on contraception and married love.
1968
Marijansko ukazanje
Zeitoun, Cairo, Egypt
Odobrio biskup
25 May 1967
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction on Eucharistic worship links celebration, reservation, and devotion after the Council.
5 Mar 1967
Liturgija
Rome
Instruction on music in the liturgy after Vatican II balances chant, polyphony, and vernacular song.
1967 onward
Liturgija
Latin Church
Restored permanent deacons again proclaim the Gospel, prepare the altar, and distribute Communion at Mass.
4 May 1967
Liturgija
Rome
Further simplifications of the Ordo Missae prepare the way for the new Order of Mass.
1967
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Israel takes East Jerusalem and the Old City in the June war.
26 Mar 1967
Enciklike
Rome
On the development of peoples — integral human development and global solidarity.
24 Jun 1967
Enciklike
Rome
Reaffirms priestly celibacy in the Latin Church after the Council.
1967
Marijansko ukazanje
Natividade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
U istraživanju
c. 1965–1970
Liturgija
Worldwide
Many churches rearrange altars so the priest celebrates Mass facing the people, while ad orientem remains lawful.
1964–1967
Liturgija
Worldwide
Episcopal conferences receive wider permission to use the vernacular for readings, orations, and eventually the Canon.
1964–1965
Liturgija
Rome
Sacrosanctum Concilium restores concelebration; a new rite enters the Missal and Pontifical.
7 Mar 1965
Liturgija
Rome / Worldwide
Paul VI celebrates and authorizes early vernacular celebrations as the reformed rites begin to reach parishes.
3 Sep 1965
Liturgija
Rome
Encyclical reaffirms Catholic teaching on the Real Presence amid liturgical change.
1965
Liturgija
Rome
An interim Order of Mass implements early conciliar simplifications before the 1969 Ordo.
3 Sep 1965
Enciklike
Rome
On the mystery of the Eucharist and the Real Presence amid liturgical renewal.
26 Sep 1964
Liturgija
Rome
First major implementation of liturgical reform: audible Canon doxology, some vernacular, simplified introductory rites.
6 Aug 1964
Enciklike
Rome
On the Church; develops dialogue with the world during the Second Vatican Council.
1963–1978
Pape
Rome
4 Dec 1963
Liturgija
Vatican
Vatican II’s Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy calls for reform of the rites and fuller participation of the faithful.
11 Apr 1963
Enciklike
Rome
Landmark encyclical on peace, human rights, and order among nations, addressed also to “all men of good will.”
1962–1965
Sabori
Vatican
Renewal of liturgy, ecumenism, and the Church’s mission in the modern world.
1962–1965
Oci
Vatican
Renewal of liturgy, ecumenism, and the Church’s mission in the modern world.
1962
Liturgija
Rome
The last typical edition of the Tridentine Missal incorporates the 1960 Code of Rubrics.
15 May 1961
Enciklike
Rome
On Christianity and social progress — updating the Church’s social teaching for the postwar world.
29 Jun 1959
Enciklike
Rome
First encyclical of John XXIII: truth, unity, and peace under Peter’s chair.
1958–1963
Pape
Rome
1957
Svjetovna
Rome / Europe
Postwar Western Europe begins economic and political integration.
8 Sep 1957
Enciklike
Rome
On motion pictures, radio, and television in the service of truth and morals.
15 May 1956
Enciklike
Rome
On devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus as rooted in Scripture and Tradition.
1956
Marijansko ukazanje
La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
Odobrio biskup
16 Nov 1955
Liturgija
Rome
Decree restoring the rites of Holy Week — the first major structural reform of the Roman Missal in centuries.
1955
Liturgija
Rome
Major reform of Palm Sunday and the Paschal Triduum; vigils and octaves are curtailed in the calendar.
1955
Marijansko ukazanje
Itaúna, Minas Gerais, Brazil
U istraživanju
1954
Marijansko ukazanje
Tarragona, Spain
U istraživanju
1953
Marijansko ukazanje
Siracusa, Italy
Odobrio biskup
1 Nov 1950
Dogme
Rome
By the apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus, Pius XII defines that Mary, at the end of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.
12 Aug 1950
Enciklike
Rome
On some false opinions threatening Catholic doctrine; sets limits for theology and science.
1948
Svjetovna
Israel
Modern Israel established; wars and diplomacy reshape the Holy Land.
1948
Euharistijska čuda
Rosano, Italy
Čudo mjesta
20 Nov 1947
Liturgija
Rome
Encyclical on the sacred liturgy affirms participation of the faithful and papal authority over rites.
20 Nov 1947
Enciklike
Rome
Encyclical on the sacred liturgy — active participation and the Church’s authority over the rites.
1947
Marijansko ukazanje
Montichiari, Italy
U istraživanju
1947
Marijansko ukazanje
Fontanelle di Montichiari, Italy
U istraživanju
1946
Marijansko ukazanje
Pfaffenhofen an der Roth, Germany
U istraživanju
30 Sep 1943
Enciklike
Rome
Encourages Catholic biblical studies using original languages and sound historical methods.
29 Jun 1943
Enciklike
Rome
On the Church as the Mystical Body of Christ — a cornerstone of twentieth-century ecclesiology.
1939–1958
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958
1939–1945
Svjetovna
World / Europe
Global war and the murder of six million Jews; the Church amid totalitarian regimes.
20 Oct 1939
Enciklike
Rome
First encyclical of Pius XII at the outbreak of World War II; on the unity of human society.
19 Mar 1937
Enciklike
Rome
On atheistic communism and the Church’s social teaching as the true remedy.
14 Mar 1937
Enciklike
Rome / Germany
Encyclical smuggled into Nazi Germany; condemns racism and violations of the Concordat.
1936
Marijansko ukazanje
Cimbres (Pesqueira), Pernambuco, Brazil
Odobrio biskup
1936
Marijansko ukazanje
Wigratzbad, Germany
Odobrio biskup
1933
Marijansko ukazanje
Banneux, Belgium
Odobrio biskup
1932
Marijansko ukazanje
Beauraing, Belgium
Odobrio biskup
1931–1938
Ukazanje
Poland
Christ asks for the Divine Mercy image, feast, and chaplet.
1931–1938
Marijansko ukazanje
Płock and Kraków, Poland
Priznanje Svete Stolice
29 Jun 1931
Enciklike
Rome
Against Fascist persecution of Catholic Action in Italy.
15 May 1931
Enciklike
Rome
Forty years after Rerum Novarum: social justice, subsidiarity, and critique of unbridled capitalism and socialism.
31 Dec 1930
Enciklike
Rome
On Christian marriage; rejects contraception and divorce contrary to divine law.
1930
Marijansko ukazanje
Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Odobrio biskup
1929
Svjetovna
Rome
Vatican City State created; the Roman Question settled with Italy.
31 Dec 1929
Enciklike
Rome
On Christian education of youth — rights of family, Church, and state.
6 Jan 1928
Enciklike
Rome
On religious unity; cautions against indifferentism in ecumenical efforts of the age.
11 Dec 1925
Enciklike
Rome
Institutes the feast of Christ the King and teaches His social kingship.
1922–1939
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1922 to 1939
23 Dec 1922
Enciklike
Rome
First encyclical of Pius XI: true peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ.
23 May 1920
Enciklike
Rome
On peace and Christian reconciliation after the Great War.
1918
Ukazanje
San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
Visible wounds of Christ; lifelong mystical and sacramental ministry.
1917
Liturgija
Rome
The Pio-Benedictine Code states the grave duty to assist at Mass on Sundays and holydays of obligation.
1917
Svjetovna
Palestine / Britain
Britain favors a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
1917
Marijansko ukazanje
Fátima, Portugal
Priznanje Svete Stolice
1916
Ukazanje
Fátima, Portugal
An angel prepares the three shepherd children before Our Lady’s appearances.
1916
Euharistijska čuda
Fatima, Portugal, The Angel of Peace, Our Lady
Gospa
1914–1922
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1914 to 1922
1914–1918
Svjetovna
Europe / Middle East
Catastrophe of Christian nations; Benedict XV’s peace appeals; Ottoman collapse.
1 Nov 1914
Enciklike
Rome
First encyclical amid World War I; appeals for peace and charity among nations.
1911–1913
Liturgija
Rome
Office and calendar reforms reshape how feasts relate to the Mass propers across the year.
1 Nov 1911
Liturgija
Rome
Reform of the Breviary and psalter reshapes how the Mass calendar and Office relate through the week.
8 Aug 1910
Liturgija
Rome
Quam singulari encourages children to receive Holy Communion once they reach the age of reason.
25 Aug 1910
Enciklike
Rome
Letter to the French bishops on the Sillon movement and true Christian social action.
c. 1900–1950
Liturgija
Europe / Worldwide
Pastors and scholars promote fuller participation in the Mass and deeper understanding of the rites.
8 Sep 1907
Enciklike
Rome
Condemns Modernism as the synthesis of all heresies and mandates safeguards in teaching.
1907
Euharistijska čuda
Silla, Spain
Čudo mjesta
11 Feb 1906
Enciklike
Rome
Protests the French law of separation of Church and State.
1906
Euharistijska čuda
Tumaco, Colombia
Čudo mjesta
15 Apr 1905
Enciklike
Rome
On the teaching of Christian doctrine and the duty of catechesis.
1904-1955
Euharistijska čuda
Blessed Alexandrina Maria da Costa, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1903–1914
Pape
Rome
22 Nov 1903
Liturgija
Rome
Motu proprio on sacred music restores Gregorian chant and sets norms for music at Mass.
4 Oct 1903
Enciklike
Rome
Programmatic encyclical: “to restore all things in Christ.”
1878–1903
Sveci
Lucca, Italy
Passionist mystic of Lucca; letters of love for the Crucified and obedience under her director Fr. Germano.
1902-1981
Euharistijska čuda
Servant of God Marthe Robin, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1902
Euharistijska čuda
Morne-Rouge, Martinique
Čudo mjesta
1902
Euharistijska čuda
Saint-André de la Réunion, Reunion Islands
Čudo mjesta
18 Jan 1901
Enciklike
Rome
On Christian democracy and Catholic social action among the people.
1 Nov 1900
Enciklike
Rome
On Jesus Christ the Redeemer as the center of history at the Holy Year.
1900
Marijansko ukazanje
Donglu, Hebei, China
Odobrio biskup
25 May 1899
Enciklike
Rome
Consecrates the human race to the Sacred Heart of Jesus at the turn of the century.
1898-1962
Euharistijska čuda
Teresa Neumann, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
9 May 1897
Enciklike
Rome
On the Holy Spirit and devotion to the Third Person of the Trinity.
1873–1897
Doktori
Lisieux, France
Doctor of the Church; Story of a Soul and the “little way” of spiritual childhood — Carmelite of Lisieux, the Little Flower.
29 Jun 1896
Enciklike
Rome
On the unity of the Church founded by Christ upon Peter and the Apostles.
18 Nov 1893
Enciklike
Rome
On the study of Holy Scripture; opens a new era of Catholic biblical scholarship.
15 May 1891
Enciklike
Rome
Foundational social encyclical on capital, labor, the family, and the just wage.
10 Jan 1890
Enciklike
Rome
On the duties of Christians as citizens in the modern state.
1801–1890
Doktori
Oxford / Birmingham
Doctor of the Church; Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine and the Grammar of Assent — convert, cardinal, and teacher of conscience.
20 Jun 1888
Enciklike
Rome
On true human liberty ordered to truth and the moral law.
1888
Euharistijska čuda
Lourdes, France, Saint Bernadette, Our Lady
Gospa
1 Nov 1885
Enciklike
Rome
On the Christian constitution of states and the Church’s relation to civil society.
20 Apr 1884
Enciklike
Rome
Condemns Freemasonry and secret societies opposed to the Church’s teaching.
29 Jun 1881
Enciklike
Rome
On the origin of civil power and the duty of rulers and subjects under God.
10 Feb 1880
Enciklike
Rome
On Christian marriage as a sacrament instituted by Christ and guarded by the Church.
4 Aug 1879
Enciklike
Rome
Restores and recommends the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas for the Church’s schools.
1879
Marijansko ukazanje
Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Canada
Odobrio biskup
1879
Marijansko ukazanje
Knock, Ireland
Odobrio biskup
1878–1903
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1878 to 1903
1877
Marijansko ukazanje
Gietrzwałd, Poland
Odobrio biskup
1871
Marijansko ukazanje
Pontmain, France
Odobrio biskup
18 Jul 1870
Dogme
Vatican
The First Vatican Council (Pastor Aeternus) defines that the Roman Pontiff, when speaking ex cathedra on faith or morals, is preserved from error by the Holy Spirit.
1870
Svjetovna
Rome
Italian unification completes; the “Roman Question” begins.
1869–1870
Sabori
Vatican
Defines papal primacy and infallibility under defined conditions.
1869–1870
Oci
Vatican
Defines papal primacy and infallibility under defined conditions.
1866-1912
Euharistijska čuda
Blessed Mary of the Passion, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1859
Marijansko ukazanje
Champion, United States
Odobrio biskup
1786–1859
Sveci
Ars, France
The Curé of Ars — patron of parish priests; pastoral sermons and catechetical instructions that formed generations of the faithful.
1858
Marijansko ukazanje
Lourdes, France
Odobrio biskup
8 Dec 1854
Dogme
Rome
By the bull Ineffabilis Deus, Pius IX solemnly defines that the Blessed Virgin Mary was preserved from all stain of original sin from the first moment of her conception, by a singular grace of God in view of the merits of Jesus Christ.
1851
Marijansko ukazanje
Casablanca, Chile
Odobrio biskup
1851
Marijansko ukazanje
Roma, Italy
Odobrio biskup
c. 19th c.
Svjetovna
Europe / West
Urbanization and labor reshape society; Rerum Novarum will answer later.
1850
Euharistijska čuda
Servant of God Anne-Louise Lateau, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1848
Euharistijska čuda
San Giovanni Bosco, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1846–1878
Pape
Rome
1846
Marijansko ukazanje
La Salette-Fallavaux, France
Odobrio biskup
1831–1846
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846
1830
Euharistijska čuda
Paris, France, Saint Catherine Labouré, Our Lady
Gospa
1830
Marijansko ukazanje
Paris, France
Odobrio biskup
1829–1830
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1829 to 1830
1824
Euharistijska čuda
Onil, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1823–1829
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1823 to 1829
1822
Euharistijska čuda
Bordeaux, France
Čudo mjesta
1818
Marijansko ukazanje
Maipú, Chile
Odobrio biskup
1804–1815
Svjetovna
Europe
Empire, Concordat with Rome, and the remaking of European borders.
1800–1823
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1800 to 1823
1798
Marijansko ukazanje
La Vang, Vietnam
U istraživanju
1797
Marijansko ukazanje
Absam, Tirol, Austria
Odobrio biskup
1789
Svjetovna
France
Dechristianization, martyrdoms, and the modern Church–state crisis in Europe.
1696–1787
Doktori
Naples / Pagani
Doctor of the Church; founder of the Redemptorists — The Glories of Mary and Uniformity with God’s Will; moral theologian and teacher of devotion.
1776
Svjetovna
United States
New republic in the New World; religious liberty and church–state debates.
1775–1799
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1775 to 1799
1774-1824
Euharistijska čuda
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1772
Euharistijska čuda
Patierno (Naples), Italy
Čudo mjesta
1769–1774
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1769 to 1774
1758–1769
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1758 to 1769
1758
Marijansko ukazanje
Fátima, Portugal
Odobrio biskup
c. 18th c.
Svjetovna
Europe
Reason, critique of tradition, and new political ideals challenge Christian Europe.
c. 1740–1758
Liturgija
Rome
Scholar-pope Benedict XIV clarifies rubrics and feast rankings while defending the Roman Rite’s integrity.
1740–1758
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1740 to 1758
3 Dec 1740
Enciklike
Rome
Often cited among the first modern papal encyclicals, urging bishops to pastoral vigilance.
1732
Euharistijska čuda
Scala, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1730–1740
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1730 to 1740
1730
Euharistijska čuda
Siena, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1724–1730
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1724 to 1730
1721–1724
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1721 to 1724
1717
Marijansko ukazanje
Aparecida, São Paulo, Brazil
Odobrena pobožnost
1673–1716
Sveci
France
Missionary and Marian doctor of consecration — True Devotion, Secret of Mary, and the Letter to the Friends of the Cross.
1700–1721
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1700 to 1721
1700
Marijansko ukazanje
Arequipa, Peru
Odobrio biskup
1699
Svjetovna
Sremski Karlovci
Ottomans cede Hungary and much of Croatia and Transylvania; the high tide of Ottoman advance in Europe recedes.
1697
Svjetovna
Zenta (Senta)
Prince Eugene of Savoy routs the Ottomans in the Balkans; path to the Peace of Karlowitz.
1691–1700
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1691 to 1700
1689–1691
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1689 to 1691
1683
Svjetovna
Vienna
Ottoman siege broken by the Holy League; Jan III Sobieski’s charge from the Kahlenberg turns the tide.
1682
Marijansko ukazanje
San Miguel, El Salvador
Odobrio biskup
1676–1689
Pape
Rome
1674
Ukazanje
Paray-le-Monial, France
Vision of the Heart of Jesus burning with love amid the Eucharist.
1673–1675
Ukazanje
Paray-le-Monial, France
Christ reveals His Heart at Paray-le-Monial; First Fridays devotion.
1673–1675
Marijansko ukazanje
Paray-le-Monial, France
Priznanje Svete Stolice
1670–1676
Pape
Rome
17th-century head of the Catholic Church
1668
Euharistijska čuda
Les Ulmes, France
Čudo mjesta
1667–1669
Pape
Rome
17th-century head of the Catholic Church
1664
Marijansko ukazanje
Saint-Étienne-le-Laus, France
Odobrio biskup
1664
Marijansko ukazanje
Laus (região ligada à tradição italiana francófona histórica)
Odobrio biskup
1657
Euharistijska čuda
Montserrat, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1656
Euharistijska čuda
Cava dei Tirreni, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1655–1667
Pape
Rome
17th-century head of the Catholic Church
1652
Marijansko ukazanje
Guanare, Venezuela
Odobrena pobožnost
1649
Euharistijska čuda
Eten, Peru
Čudo mjesta
1648
Svjetovna
Westphalia
Ends the Thirty Years’ War; modern state system in Europe.
1644–1655
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1644 to 1655
1643
Euharistijska čuda
Pressac, France
Čudo mjesta
1640
Euharistijska čuda
Calanda, Spain, Miguel-Juan Pellicer, Our Lady
Gospa
1640
Euharistijska čuda
Turin, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1635
Marijansko ukazanje
Cartago, Costa Rica
Odobrio biskup
2 Sep 1634
Liturgija
Rome
Another revised typical edition of the Tridentine Missal becomes the standard for subsequent centuries.
1631
Euharistijska čuda
Dronero, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1631
Marijansko ukazanje
San Miguel del Milagro, Tlaxcala, Mexico
Odobrio biskup
1630
Euharistijska čuda
Canosio, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1630
Marijansko ukazanje
Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Odobrio biskup
1623–1644
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1623 to 1644
1567–1622
Doktori
Annecy / Geneva
Doctor of the Church; Introduction to the Devout Life — gentle guide to holiness for every state of life.
1621–1623
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1621 to 1623
1542–1621
Doktori
Rome / Capua
Doctor of the Church; Controversies and the Catechism — Jesuit cardinal of the Counter-Reformation.
1559–1619
Doktori
Brindisi / Europe
Doctor of the Church; Apostolic Doctor — Capuchin preacher, Scripture scholar, and diplomat of the Counter-Reformation.
1612
Marijansko ukazanje
El Cobre, Cuba
Odobrio biskup
1610
Euharistijska čuda
Rome, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1608
Euharistijska čuda
Faverney, France
Čudo mjesta
1605–1621
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1605 to 1621
1605
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1605
7 Jul 1604
Liturgija
Rome
A corrected typical edition of the Roman Missal replaces Pius V’s text for printers and churches.
1604
Euharistijska čuda
Mogoro, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1600
Marijansko ukazanje
Las Tablas, Panama
Odobrio biskup
1597
Euharistijska čuda
Alcalà, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1521–1597
Doktori
Germany / Switzerland
Doctor of the Church; catechisms of the Counter-Reformation — Jesuit apostle of Germany.
1594
Marijansko ukazanje
El Cisne, Loja, Ecuador
Odobrio biskup
1594
Marijansko ukazanje
Quito, Ecuador
Odobrio biskup
1592–1605
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1592 to 1605
1591
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1591
1542–1591
Doktori
Spain
Doctor of the Church; Ascent of Mount Carmel, Dark Night of the Soul, and the Spiritual Canticle — Carmelite reformer and mystic poet.
1590–1591
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1590 to 1591
1590
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1590
1589
Euharistijska čuda
Saint Germaine Cousin (Pibrac), Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1588
Liturgija
Rome
Sixtus V creates the Congregation to oversee the liturgy, canonizations, and sacred rites of the Latin Church.
1586
Marijansko ukazanje
Chiquinquirá, Colombia
Odobrio biskup
1585–1590
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1585 to 1590
1515–1582
Doktori
Ávila / Spain
Doctor of the Church; Interior Castle, Way of Perfection, and the reform of Carmel — a teacher of prayer and the mystical life.
1572–1585
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1572 to 1585
1572
Euharistijska čuda
Gorkum-El Escorial, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1571
Svjetovna
Gulf of Patras
Holy League fleet under Don John of Austria defeats the Ottoman navy; Pius V institutes Our Lady of the Rosary.
14 Jul 1570
Liturgija
Rome
The Tridentine Missal is mandated for the Latin Church, except for rites with at least two centuries of continuous use.
1570
Euharistijska čuda
Veroli, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1570
Marijansko ukazanje
Vailankanni, Tamil Nadu, India
Odobrio biskup
1499–1569
Doktori
Andalusia
Doctor of the Church; Audi, filia and apostolic preaching in sixteenth-century Spain.
1568
Euharistijska čuda
Alcoy, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1566–1572
Pape
Rome
1566
Liturgija
Rome
The Catechism of the Council of Trent teaches the faithful the meaning of the Mass and Holy Communion.
1565
Svjetovna
Malta
Knights Hospitaller under Jean de Valette hold the island against Suleiman’s fleet and army.
1562–1563
Liturgija
Trent
Trent defends the sacrificial nature of the Mass and calls for a purified, uniform Roman Missal.
1560–1565
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1559 to 1565
1560
Euharistijska čuda
Morrovalle, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1491–1556
Sveci
Spain / Rome
Founder of the Society of Jesus; the Spiritual Exercises and Autobiography — school of discernment and finding God in all things.
1555–1559
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1555 to 1559
1555
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1555
1551
Dogme
Trent
Trent reaffirms that in the Eucharist the whole Christ is truly, really, and substantially present under the appearances of bread and wine.
1550-1568
Euharistijska čuda
Saint Stanislaus Kostka, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1550–1555
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1550 to 1555
1547
Dogme
Trent
Trent teaches that justification is God’s gracious gift through Christ, received by faith and Baptism, and that man truly cooperates under grace.
1547
Dogme
Trent
Trent confirms that Christ instituted seven sacraments of the New Law: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.
1546
Dogme
Trent
The Council of Trent solemnly lists the inspired books of the Old and New Testaments received by the Church as the biblical canon.
1546
Dogme
Trent
Trent defines that Adam’s sin wounded human nature and is transmitted to all, and that Baptism remits original sin.
1545–1563
Sabori
Trent
Catholic Reformation: Scripture and Tradition, the sacraments, seminary reform.
1545–1563
Oci
Trent
Catholic Reformation: Scripture and Tradition, the sacraments, seminary reform.
1541
Marijansko ukazanje
Tlaxcala, Mexico
Odobrio biskup
1535
Euharistijska čuda
Asti, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1534–1549
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1534 to 1549
1533
Euharistijska čuda
Marseille-En-Beauvais, France
Čudo mjesta
1533
Euharistijska čuda
Ponferrada, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1531
Euharistijska čuda
Guadalupe, Mexico, Juan Diego, Our Lady
Gospa
1531
Marijansko ukazanje
Mexico City, Mexico
Priznanje Svete Stolice
1529
Svjetovna
Vienna
Suleiman fails to take the Habsburg capital; Ottoman expansion into Western Europe is checked for a time.
1526
Svjetovna
Mohács, Hungary
Hungarian army destroyed; King Louis II dies; much of Hungary falls under Ottoman rule.
1523–1534
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1523 to 1534
1522–1523
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1522 to 1523
1521
Svjetovna
Belgrade
Suleiman the Magnificent opens the path into Hungary and Central Europe.
1517
Svjetovna
Wittenberg
Protestant Reformation begins; Catholic reform answers at Trent.
1517
Euharistijska čuda
Salzano, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1513–1521
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1513 to 1521
1512–1517
Sabori
Rome
Church reform on the eve of the Reformation; condemns conciliarism.
1512–1517
Oci
Rome
Church reform on the eve of the Reformation; condemns conciliarism.
1447–1510
Sveci
Genoa, Italy
Mystic of divine love and hospital servant of Genoa; Spiritual Dialogue and Treatise on Purgatory.
1503–1513
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1503 to 1513
1503
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1503
1500
Marijansko ukazanje
Higüey, Dominican Republic
Odobrio biskup
1498
Marijansko ukazanje
Sernancelhe, Portugal
Odobrio biskup
1492–1503
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1492 to 1503
1492
Svjetovna
Atlantic / Americas
Atlantic world opens; evangelization and empire reshape global history.
1492
Svjetovna
Spain
Alhambra Decree; Sephardic diaspora after the Reconquista.
1492
Svjetovna
Granada, Spain
Last Muslim kingdom in Spain surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella; the Reconquista ends.
1484–1492
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1484 to 1492
c. 1474
Liturgija
Italy / Europe
Printing spreads standard Mass texts quickly, preparing the way for a uniform Tridentine edition.
1472
Euharistijska čuda
Volterra, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1471–1484
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1471 to 1484
1464–1471
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1464 to 1471
1461
Euharistijska čuda
La Rochelle, France
Čudo mjesta
1458–1464
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1458 to 1464
1456
Svjetovna
Belgrade
John Hunyadi and St. John of Capistrano repel Mehmed II; the noon Angelus recalls the victory.
1455–1458
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1455 to 1458
1453
Svjetovna
Constantinople
Mehmed II takes the city; the Byzantine Empire ends; Ottoman power dominates the eastern Mediterranean.
1453
Euharistijska čuda
Turin, Italy
Čudo mjesta
c. 1450
Svjetovna
Mainz
Moveable type multiplies books, Bibles, and controversy across Europe.
1447–1455
Pape
Rome
Head of Catholic Church from 1447 to 1455
1447
Euharistijska čuda
Ettiswil, Switzerland
Čudo mjesta
1444
Svjetovna
Varna
Władysław III of Poland and Hungary dies facing Murad II; a major Christian reverse in the Balkans.
1439–1449
Pape
Lausanne
Antipope · Lausanne. Last major historical antipope.
1439
Dogme
Florence
The Council of Florence solemnly teaches the Filioque: the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son as from one principle.
1439
Dogme
Florence
Florence affirms that souls dying in God’s grace but still imperfectly purified undergo purifying punishment, and that the living may aid them by prayer, Mass, and alms.
1434
Marijansko ukazanje
Salamanca, Spain
Odobrio biskup
1433
Euharistijska čuda
Avignon, France
Čudo mjesta
1431–1447
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1431 to 1447
1431–1445
Sabori
Florence
Union decrees with Eastern churches; teaching on the Filioque and purgatory.
1431–1445
Oci
Florence
Union decrees with Eastern churches; teaching on the Filioque and purgatory.
1430–1437
Pape
Avignon
Antipope · Avignon line. Another claimant using the same name in the disputed line.
1430
Euharistijska čuda
Dijon, France
Čudo mjesta
1429
Euharistijska čuda
Alkmaar, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
1427
Euharistijska čuda
Zaragoza, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1424–1429
Pape
Avignon
Antipope · Avignon line. Avignon claimant; disputed line.
1423–1429
Pape
Avignon
Antipope · Avignon line. Avignon claimant after Benedict XIII.
1421
Euharistijska čuda
Bergen, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
1420
Euharistijska čuda
Guadalupe, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1417–1431
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1417 to 1431
1417
Euharistijska čuda
Erding, Germany
Čudo mjesta
1417
Euharistijska čuda
St. Nicholas of Flue, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1414–1418
Sabori
Constance
Ends the Western Schism; elects Martin V.
1414–1418
Oci
Constance
Ends the Western Schism; elects Martin V.
1412
Euharistijska čuda
Bagno di Romagna, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1412
Euharistijska čuda
Herentals, Belgium
Čudo mjesta
1411
Euharistijska čuda
Ludbreg, Croatia
Čudo mjesta
1411
Euharistijska čuda
Weiten-Raxendorf, Austria
Čudo mjesta
1410–1415
Pape
Pisa
Antipope · Pisa line. Pisan claimant; reclassified as antipope.
1409–1410
Pape
Pisa
Antipope · Pisa line. Pisan claimant; reclassified as antipope.
1406–1415
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1406 to 1415
1405
Euharistijska čuda
Bois-Seigneur-Isaac, Belgium
Čudo mjesta
1404–1406
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1404 to 1406
1400
Euharistijska čuda
Boxmeer, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
1399
Euharistijska čuda
Poznan, Poland
Čudo mjesta
1396
Svjetovna
Nicopolis (Bulgaria)
Crusade of Western and Hungarian forces crushed by Bayezid I on the Danube.
1394–1423
Pape
Avignon
Antipope · Avignon line. Avignon claimant during the Western Schism.
1392
Euharistijska čuda
Moncada, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1389–1404
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1389 to 1404
1389
Svjetovna
Kosovo
Serbian and allied forces meet the Ottomans on the Field of Blackbirds; both leaders fall; Ottoman pressure on the Balkans hardens.
1384
Euharistijska čuda
Seefeld, Austria
Čudo mjesta
1383
Euharistijska čuda
Wilsnack, Germany
Čudo mjesta
1380
Euharistijska čuda
Boxtel-Hoogstraten, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
1347–1380
Doktori
Siena / Rome
Doctor of the Church; the Dialogue and letters — Dominican tertiary, mystic, and counselor of popes in the age of Avignon and the Schism.
1378–1394
Pape
Avignon
Antipope · Avignon line. Avignon claimant during the Western Schism.
1378–1389
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1389
1374
Euharistijska čuda
Middleburg-Lovanio, Belgium
Čudo mjesta
1374
Euharistijska čuda
Liège, Belgium
Čudo mjesta
1371–1378
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1370 to 1378
1370
Euharistijska čuda
Cimballa, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1370
Euharistijska čuda
Brussels, Belgium
Čudo mjesta
1362–1370
Pape
Rome
1356
Euharistijska čuda
Macerata, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1354
Svjetovna
Gallipoli
Ottoman foothold at Gallipoli; the long advance into the Balkans begins.
1353–1362
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1352 to 1362
1348
Euharistijska čuda
Alboraya-Almacéra, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1347-1380
Euharistijska čuda
Saint Catherine of Siena, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1347–1351
Svjetovna
Europe
Plague devastates Christendom; shapes piety, art, and social order.
1345
Euharistijska čuda
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
1345
Euharistijska čuda
Krakow, Poland
Čudo mjesta
1342–1352
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1342 to 1352
1342
Euharistijska čuda
Stiphout, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
1336
Dogme
Avignon
By the constitution Benedictus Deus, Benedict XII teaches that the souls of the just see the divine essence face to face after death (and purification, if needed), before the general resurrection.
1335–1342
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1334 to 1342
1331
Euharistijska čuda
Blanot, France
Čudo mjesta
1330
Euharistijska čuda
Cascia, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1330
Euharistijska čuda
Walldürn, Germany
Čudo mjesta
1328–1330
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to John XXII.
1317
Euharistijska čuda
Herkenrode-Hasselt, Belgium
Čudo mjesta
1316–1334
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1316 to 1334
1311–1312
Sabori
Vienne
Suppresses the Knights Templar; treats of Church reform and the crusade.
1311–1312
Oci
Vienne
Suppresses the Knights Templar; treats of Church reform and the crusade.
1310
Euharistijska čuda
Fiecht, Austria
Čudo mjesta
1305–1314
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1305 to 1314
1303–1304
Pape
Rome
1256–1302
Sveci
Helfta, Saxony
Benedictine mystic of Helfta; the Preces Gertrudianae tradition of prayers to the Heart of Jesus, the Trinity, and the holy souls.
c. 13th–15th c.
Liturgija
Western Europe
Priests increasingly use a single book with all Mass texts — the ancestor of the printed Roman Missal.
1300
Euharistijska čuda
Breda-Niervaart, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
1300
Euharistijska čuda
O'Cebreiro, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1297
Euharistijska čuda
Gerona, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1295–1303
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303
1294
Pape
Rome
1294
Euharistijska čuda
Gruaro (Valvasone), Italy
Čudo mjesta
1294
Marijansko ukazanje
Loreto, Italy
Odobrio biskup
1291
Svjetovna
Acre, Holy Land
Mamluks take the last major Crusader stronghold; the Latin East ends.
1290
Euharistijska čuda
Glotowo, Poland
Čudo mjesta
1290
Euharistijska čuda
Paris, France
Čudo mjesta
1288–1292
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1288 to 1292
1285–1287
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1285 to 1287
1281–1285
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1281 to 1285
1280
Euharistijska čuda
Kranenburg, Germany
Čudo mjesta
c. 1200–1280
Doktori
Cologne / Paris
Doctor of the Church; teacher of Aquinas — natural philosophy and theology in the Dominican schools.
1277–1280
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1277 to 1280
1276–1277
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1276 to 1277
1276
Pape
Rome
1276
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1276
1274
Sabori
Lyons
Attempted reunion with the East; death of St. Thomas Aquinas en route.
1221–1274
Doktori
Paris / Lyon
Doctor Seraphicus; Journey of the Mind Into God — Franciscan theology and mystical ascent.
1274
Oci
Lyons
Attempted reunion with the East; death of St. Thomas Aquinas en route.
1225–1274
Doktori
Italy / France
Doctor Angelicus; Summa Theologiae and the synthesis of faith and reason in the medieval schools.
1273-1280
Euharistijska čuda
Offida, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1271–1276
Pape
Rome
1265–1268
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1265 to 1268
1264
Liturgija
Orvieto / Rome
Urban IV extends the feast of the Body of Christ to the universal Church, fostering Eucharistic devotion outside Mass.
1264
Euharistijska čuda
Bolsena, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1261–1264
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1261 to 1264
1257
Euharistijska čuda
Neuvy Saint Sepulcre, France
Čudo mjesta
c. 1256
Liturgija
Western Europe
The Order of Preachers consolidates its own Mass and Office use, later protected as a rite of venerable antiquity.
1255
Euharistijska čuda
Regensburg, Germany
Čudo mjesta
1254–1261
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1254 to 1261
1254
Euharistijska čuda
Douai, France
Čudo mjesta
1251
Euharistijska čuda
S. John of the Abbesses, Spain
Čudo mjesta
c. 13th c.
Svjetovna
Europe
Paris, Bologna, Oxford — scholastic learning at the heart of Christendom.
1247
Euharistijska čuda
Santarém, Portugal
Čudo mjesta
1245
Sabori
Lyons
Deposes Frederick II; seeks aid for the Holy Land and the Eastern Empire.
1245
Oci
Lyons
Deposes Frederick II; seeks aid for the Holy Land and the Eastern Empire.
1243–1254
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1243 to 1254
1241
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1241
1240
Euharistijska čuda
Saint Clare of Assisi, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1239
Euharistijska čuda
Daroca, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1231
Euharistijska čuda
Caravaca de la Cruz, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1195–1231
Doktori
Padua / Portugal
Doctor of the Church; Evangelical Doctor — Franciscan preacher whose sermons and Scripture teaching shaped popular devotion.
1230-1595
Euharistijska čuda
Florence, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1228
Euharistijska čuda
Alatri, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1227–1241
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1227 to 1241
1227
Euharistijska čuda
Rimini, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1181–1226
Sveci
Assisi, Italy
Founder of the Friars Minor; Rules, Testament, Admonitions, and the Canticle of the Sun — poverty, peace, and praise of the Creator.
1224-1274
Euharistijska čuda
Saint Thomas Aquinas, Saints & Mystics
Svetac / mistik
1222-1465
Euharistijska čuda
Meerssen, Netherlands
Čudo mjesta
c. 13th c.
Liturgija
Rome
The papal court’s missal becomes a model for Franciscan and later Roman books before Trent.
1216–1227
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1216 to 1227
1216
Euharistijska čuda
Benningen, Germany
Čudo mjesta
1215
Dogme
Rome
The Fourth Lateran Council defines that in the Eucharist the bread and wine are truly changed into the Body and Blood of Christ.
1215
Liturgija
Rome
The Fourth Lateran Council requires the faithful to confess and receive Communion at least at Easter.
1215
Svjetovna
Runnymede, England
English barons limit royal power; a landmark of Western constitutional tradition.
1215
Sabori
Rome
Defines transubstantiation; reforms clergy and the sacraments; calls a crusade.
1215
Oci
Rome
Defines transubstantiation; reforms clergy and the sacraments; calls a crusade.
1212
Svjetovna
Andalusia, Spain
Christian kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre break Almohad power in Spain.
1203
Euharistijska čuda
Bruges, Belgium
Čudo mjesta
c. 12th–13th c.
Liturgija
Western Europe
The custom of elevating the consecrated Host for the people’s adoration becomes widespread in the West.
1200
Marijansko ukazanje
La Rioja, Spain
Odobrio biskup
1198–1216
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1198 to 1216
1194
Euharistijska čuda
Augsburg, Germany
Čudo mjesta
1191–1198
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1191 to 1198
1188–1191
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1187 to 1191
1187
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1187
1185–1187
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1185 to 1187
1182
Marijansko ukazanje
Nazaré, Portugal
Odobrio biskup
1181–1185
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1181 to 1185
1179–1180
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Alexander III; not the later canonical Innocent III.
1179
Sabori
Rome
Requires a two-thirds majority of cardinals for a papal election; reforms against Waldensians and Cathars.
1098–1179
Doktori
Bingen / Rupertsberg
Doctor of the Church; Scivias and visionary theology — Benedictine abbess, composer, and prophet.
1179
Oci
Rome
Requires a two-thirds majority of cardinals for a papal election; reforms against Waldensians and Cathars.
1171
Euharistijska čuda
Ferrara, Italy
Čudo mjesta
1168–1178
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Alexander III; not the later canonical Callixtus III.
1164–1168
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Alexander III.
1159–1181
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1159 to 1181
1159–1164
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Imperial antipope in opposition to Alexander III.
c. 1070–1157
Sveci
Igny, France
Blessed Cistercian abbot of Igny, disciple of St. Bernard; liturgical sermons for the year — Advent to All Saints.
1154–1159
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1154 to 1159
1153–1154
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1153 to 1154
1090–1153
Doktori
Clairvaux
Doctor of the Church; On Loving God and the Cistercian renewal — mellifluous doctor of charity.
1145–1153
Pape
Rome
1144–1145
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1144 to 1145
1143–1144
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1143 to 1144
1139
Sabori
Rome
Ends the schism of Anacletus; legislates against clerical incontinence and simony.
1139
Oci
Rome
Ends the schism of Anacletus; legislates against clerical incontinence and simony.
1138
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Successor in the Anacletus line.
1130–1143
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1130 to 1143
1130–1138
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Innocent II.
1125–1130
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1124 to 1130
1125
Euharistijska čuda
Bettbrunn, Germany
Čudo mjesta
1124
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Claimant after Callixtus II; not the later canonical Celestine II.
1123
Sabori
Rome
Confirms the Concordat of Worms; reforms investiture and clerical discipline.
1123
Oci
Rome
Confirms the Concordat of Worms; reforms investiture and clerical discipline.
1119–1124
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1119 to 1124
1118–1121
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Gelasius II and Callixtus II.
1118–1119
Pape
Rome
1033–1109
Doktori
Bec / Canterbury
Doctor of the Church; Proslogion and Cur Deus Homo — faith seeking understanding.
1105–1111
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Paschal II.
1101
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In the Clement III line.
1100–1101
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In the Clement III line.
c. 12th c. onward
Liturgija
Grande Chartreuse / Order
The Carthusian Order preserves a distinctive austere Mass and Office use of great antiquity.
c. 11th–13th c.
Liturgija
Western Europe
Daily private Masses multiply; missals combining sacramentary, lectionary, and gradual become common for priests.
1099–1118
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1099 to 1118
1099
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem established in the Holy Land.
1095
Svjetovna
Clermont
Urban II at Clermont calls for the liberation of the Holy Land.
1088–1099
Pape
Rome
1086–1087
Pape
Rome
1080–1100
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Antipope Guibert; in opposition to Gregory VII and successors.
1073–1085
Pape
Rome
1007–1072
Doktori
Ravenna / Fonte Avellana
Doctor of the Church; Liber Gomorrhianus and letters — Benedictine reformer, cardinal, and fierce preacher of clerical discipline.
1071
Svjetovna
Anatolia
Seljuk victory opens Anatolia to Turkish settlement and weakens Byzantium before the Crusades.
1066
Svjetovna
England
Battle of Hastings; Anglo-Norman realm reshapes the British Isles.
1061–1073
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1061 to 1073
1061–1072
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Antipope Cadalus; in opposition to Alexander II.
1059–1061
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1059 to 1061
1058–1059
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Excluded from canonical list and modeled here as antipope.
1057–1058
Pape
Rome
1055–1057
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1055 to 1057
1054
Svjetovna
Constantinople / Rome
Legates of Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius exchange mutual excommunications; the breach between Rome and Constantinople deepens into lasting schism.
1049–1054
Pape
Rome
1048
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1048
1047–1048
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church variously from 1032 to 1048
1047
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1046 to 1047
1045–1047
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1045 to 1046
1045
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1045
1045
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church variously from 1032 to 1048
1032–1044
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church variously from 1032 to 1048
1024–1032
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1024 to 1032
1014–1018
Svjetovna
Balkans
The Macedonian emperor ends the First Bulgarian Empire; Byzantium reaches a medieval high-water mark in the Balkans.
1012–1024
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1012 to 1024
1012
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Benedict VIII; not the later canonical Gregory VI.
1010
Euharistijska čuda
Ivorra, Spain
Čudo mjesta
1009–1012
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1009 to 1012
1003–1009
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 1004 to 1009
1003
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 1003
c. 951–1003
Doktori
Narek, Armenia
Doctor of the Church; Book of Lamentations — Armenian mystical prayer and theology.
c. 10th–12th c.
Liturgija
Cluny / Western Europe
Cluny’s solemn monastic Mass and Office radiate ceremonial and musical norms across Latin Christendom.
c. 10th–11th c.
Liturgija
Western Europe
Psalm 42 and the Confiteor open the Mass in the medieval Roman–Frankish Ordo still printed in 1962.
c. 1000
Svjetovna
Central Europe
Baptism and coronation of rulers in Hungary, Poland, and neighboring lands.
999–1003
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 999 to 1003
997–998
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Antipope whose numbering affected later John numbering.
996–999
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 996 to 999
988
Svjetovna
Kyiv
Prince Vladimir accepts Byzantine Christianity; Kyiv and the Rus’ enter the Orthodox world centered on Constantinople.
985–996
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 985 to 996
984–985
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Antipope whose numbering affected later Boniface numbering.
983–984
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 983 to 984
974–983
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 974 to 983
974
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Antipope whose numbering affected later Boniface numbering.
973–974
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 973 to 974
965–972
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 965 to 972
964–965
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 964 to 965
964
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 964
955–964
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 955 to 964
946–955
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 946 to 955
942–946
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 942 to 946
939–942
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 939 to 942
936–939
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 936 to 939
931–935
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 931 to 935
929–931
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 929 to 931
928
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 928 to 929
914–928
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 914 to 928
913–914
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 913 to 914
911–913
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 911 to 913
904–911
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 904 to 911
903–904
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Formerly treated by some lists as pope; removed from the official succession.
903–904
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 903
900–903
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 900 to 903
c. 9th–11th c.
Liturgija
Western Europe
Private prayers at the offering of bread and wine enrich the Roman Ordo Missae in Frankish and later Roman books.
898–900
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 898 to 900
897
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 897
897
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 897
896–897
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 896 to 897
896
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 896
891–896
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 891 to 896
885–891
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 885 to 891
884–885
Pape
Rome
882–884
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 882 to 884
7 June 879
Svjetovna
Croatia / Rome
Pope John VIII blesses Duke Branimir and the Croatian people, affirming their communion with Rome after earlier evangelization from the 7th century.
872–882
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 872 to 882
869–870
Sabori
Constantinople
Settles the Photian controversy; last of the councils received by both East and West before the schism.
869–870
Oci
Constantinople
Settles the Photian controversy; last of the councils received by both East and West before the schism.
867–872
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 867 to 872
863–867
Svjetovna
Constantinople / Rome
Conflict over Patriarch Photius and jurisdiction in Bulgaria strains communion between Rome and Constantinople — a foreshadowing of 1054.
c. 862–885
Svjetovna
Great Moravia
Byzantine brothers bring the Gospel and a Slavic liturgy to Moravia; their work seeds the conversion of the Slavs.
858–867
Pape
Rome
855–858
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 855 to 858
855
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Benedict III.
c. 9th c.
Liturgija
Carolingian Empire
Gallican and Roman elements merge; private priestly prayers and expanded ceremonial enter the Roman Mass books.
847–855
Pape
Rome
846
Svjetovna
Rome
Muslim raiders sack St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s Outside the Walls; Leo IV later fortifies the Leonine City.
844–847
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 844 to 847
844
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Claimant against Sergius II; not the later canonical John VIII.
843
Svjetovna
Constantinople
Under Empress Theodora, iconoclasm is finally ended in Byzantium; the Sunday of Orthodoxy commemorates the restoration of the holy images.
827–844
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 827 to 844
827
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 827
824–827
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 824 to 827
817–824
Pape
Rome
816–817
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 816 to 817
c. 800
Liturgija
Carolingian court
Frankish scholars expand the Roman sacramentary with formularies needed for pastoral life north of the Alps.
c. medieval
Liturgija
Western Europe
In the Roman Rite the Canon is long recited silently by the priest, with the people’s participation through signs and devotion.
800
Svjetovna
Rome
Leo III crowns Charles in St. Peter’s; a Western imperial title rivals Constantinople’s claim to sole Roman emperorship.
796–816
Pape
Rome
c. late 8th c.
Liturgija
Rome / Aachen
Under Charlemagne, a Roman sacramentary associated with St. Gregory the Great shapes Frankish liturgical books.
787
Dogme
Nicaea
The Second Council of Nicaea restores and defines the legitimate veneration of icons, distinguishing honor given to images from worship due to God alone.
787
Sabori
Nicaea
Restores the veneration of holy images.
787
Oci
Nicaea
Restores the veneration of holy images.
c. 785–790
Liturgija
Rome / Aachen
Pope Hadrian I sends a Gregorian sacramentary north; it becomes the core of Carolingian Mass books.
772–795
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 772 to 795
768–772
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 768 to 772
768
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Claimant installed briefly during the same crisis.
767–768
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition before Stephen III.
757–767
Pape
Rome
752–757
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 752 to 757
751
Svjetovna
Ravenna
Lombards take Ravenna; Byzantine political power in northern Italy ends. The papacy turns more decisively toward the Franks.
c. 5th–8th c.
Liturgija
Gaul
Non-Roman Western liturgies in Gaul leave traces in later Frankish–Roman books before largely yielding to Roman use.
c. 8th c.
Liturgija
Rome / Frankish lands
A major Roman–Frankish sacramentary tradition gathers Mass formularies used across the West.
750 D.C.
Euharistijska čuda
Lanciano, Italy
Čudo mjesta
c. 675–749
Doktori
Damascus / Mar Saba
Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith; defense of icons.
741–752
Pape
Rome
c. 673–735
Doktori
Jarrow
Ecclesiastical History of the English People; biblical teacher.
732
Svjetovna
Gaul
Charles Martel halts a major Muslim advance into Frankish Gaul.
731–741
Pape
Rome
c. 726–730
Svjetovna
Constantinople
Emperor Leo III forbids the veneration of icons; a century of conflict over sacred images opens in the East.
c. 722
Svjetovna
Asturias, Spain
Asturian victory traditionally marks the beginning of the Reconquista in the north of Spain.
717–718
Svjetovna
Constantinople
Leo III and the city’s defenses, with Greek fire and a harsh winter, turn back the Umayyad assault — a decisive check on Arab advance into Europe.
715–731
Pape
Rome
711–718
Svjetovna
Iberia
Umayyad armies cross from North Africa; Visigothic Spain falls after Guadalete. Al-Andalus begins.
708–715
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 708 to 715
c. 708
Ukazanje
Normandy, France
Bishop Aubert commanded to build a shrine on the tidal mount.
708
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 708
c. 708
Marijansko ukazanje
Mont Saint-Michel, France
Odobrena pobožnost
705–707
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 705 to 707
701–705
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 701 to 705
c. 7th–8th c.
Liturgija
Rome
Detailed ceremonial directions for a solemn papal Mass become a model for the Western Ordo Missae.
687–701
Pape
Rome
687
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Claimant during the disputed election after Conon.
687
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Claimant during the disputed election after Conon.
686–687
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 686 to 687
685–686
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 685 to 686
684–685
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 684 to 685
682–683
Pape
Rome
681
Dogme
Constantinople
The Third Council of Constantinople teaches that Christ has a divine will and a human will, in perfect harmony — rejecting monothelitism.
680–681
Sabori
Constantinople
Affirms two wills in Christ; rejects monothelitism.
680–681
Oci
Constantinople
Affirms two wills in Christ; rejects monothelitism.
678–681
Pape
Rome
676–678
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 676 to 678
672–676
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 672 to 676
c. 580–662
Oci
Constantinople
Two wills in Christ; suffering for Chalcedonian faith.
657–672
Pape
Rome
656–657
Pape
Rome
649–655
Pape
Rome
c. 579–649
Oci
Mount Sinai
Ladder of Divine Ascent; Sinai monastic wisdom.
642–649
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 642 to 649
639–642
Svjetovna
Egypt
Alexandria and the Nile valley fall to the Rashidun caliphate; Byzantium loses its Egyptian granary and the ancient see of Alexandria.
640–642
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 640 to 642
640
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 640
638
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
The Holy City passes under Islamic rule; Christian and Jewish communities remain.
636
Svjetovna
Syria
Arab victory ends Byzantine rule in Syria; the Levant opens to the caliphate.
c. 560–636
Doktori
Seville
Etymologies; last of the Western Fathers in many reckonings.
c. 629–630
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
After defeating the Persians, Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross to Jerusalem — a triumph celebrated in East and West.
626
Svjetovna
Constantinople
While Heraclius campaigns in the East, the capital holds. Tradition links the city’s deliverance to the Mother of God and the Akathist hymn.
625–638
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 625 to 638
622
Svjetovna
Arabia
Muhammad’s migration to Medina; centuries of encounter with Christian lands begin.
619–625
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 619 to 625
615–618
Pape
Rome
614
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Sasanian forces capture the Holy City; the True Cross is carried into Persia. A devastation remembered across Christendom.
608–615
Pape
Rome
607
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church in 607
604–606
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 604 to 606
c. 540–604
Doktori
Rome
Pastoral Care; Dialogues; Moralia; doctor and pope.
c. 590–604
Liturgija
Rome
Gregory organizes Roman chant and liturgical practice; later ages link the Roman Canon and sacramentary to his name.
c. 6th–11th c.
Liturgija
Spain
The ancient liturgy of Spain continues in Toledo and beyond, distinct from the Roman Missal.
c. 536–c. 594
Oci
Antioch
Ecclesiastical History — church history from Ephesus into the late sixth century.
590–604
Pape
Rome
Pastoral care, Gregorian chant tradition, mission to the English.
c. 590
Marijansko ukazanje
Rome (Castel Sant'Angelo), Italy
Odobrena pobožnost
c. 485–c. 585
Oci
Squillace
Institutions of Divine and Secular Learning; Vivarium monastic library.
579–590
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 579 to 590
575–579
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 575 to 579
568
Svjetovna
Italy
Alboin’s Lombards overrun the peninsula; Byzantine Italy shrinks to Ravenna, Rome, and coastal strongholds.
561–574
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 561 to 574
556–561
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 556 to 561
553
Sabori
Constantinople
Condemns the Three Chapters; reaffirms Chalcedon.
553
Oci
Constantinople
Condemns the Three Chapters; reaffirms Chalcedon.
c. 6th–7th c.
Liturgija
Rome / Verona
The oldest surviving Roman sacramentary collection preserves early Mass prayers attributed to the Leonine tradition.
c. 480–547
Oci
Monte Cassino
Rule of St. Benedict; father of Western monasticism.
533–554
Svjetovna
Africa / Italy
Belisarius and Narses reclaim North Africa from the Vandals and much of Italy from the Ostrogoths; Byzantine rule returns to Rome and Ravenna.
537–555
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 537 to 555
27 Dec 537
Svjetovna
Constantinople
After the Nika revolt, Justinian rebuilds the Great Church of Holy Wisdom — the architectural heart of Byzantine Christendom.
536–537
Pape
Rome
535–536
Pape
Rome
533–535
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 533 to 535
c. 467–533
Oci
Ruspe
North African bishop; grace and the Trinity after Augustine.
530–532
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 530 to 532
530
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Boniface II.
527–565
Svjetovna
Constantinople
Emperor Justinian codifies Roman law; the Digest and Code shape later Christian Europe.
526–530
Pape
Rome
c. 480–524
Oci
Rome / Pavia
Consolation of Philosophy; translator of Aristotle — bridge of antiquity and the Middle Ages.
523–526
Pape
Rome
514–523
Pape
Rome
498–514
Pape
Rome
498–506
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Symmachus.
496–498
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 496 to 498
d. c. 496
Oci
Marseille
De Viris Illustribus; continuation of Jerome’s catalog of writers.
492–496
Pape
Rome
c. 490
Ukazanje
Monte Gargano, Italy
Archangel Michael indicates the cave sanctuary of Monte Sant’Angelo.
c. 490
Marijansko ukazanje
Monte Sant'Angelo (Monte Gargano), Italy
Odobrena pobožnost
483–492
Pape
Rome
c. 400–c. 480
Oci
Marseille
On the Government of God — providence and judgment in the fall of the West.
476
Svjetovna
Italy
Deposition of Romulus Augustulus; imperial authority in the West ends. The Roman Empire continues at Constantinople.
468–483
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 468 to 483
461–468
Pape
Rome
c. 400–461
Doktori
Rome
Tome of Leo; Council of Chalcedon; doctor and pope.
c. 393–457
Oci
Cyrrhus
Church historian and biblical commentator; Eranistes.
455
Svjetovna
Rome
Gaiseric’s Vandals plunder Rome; the Western Empire nears its end.
c. 390–c. 455
Oci
Rome / Aquitaine
Defender of Augustine on grace; chronicle and anti-Pelagian writings.
451
Dogme
Chalcedon
The Council of Chalcedon defines that Jesus Christ is true God and true man — one Person in two natures, without confusion or separation.
451
Svjetovna
Gaul
Aëtius and allies check Attila’s Huns in Gaul; Leo the Great later meets Attila near Rome.
451
Sabori
Chalcedon
Defines Christ’s two natures in one Person.
451
Oci
Chalcedon
Defines Christ’s two natures in one Person.
c. 440–461
Liturgija
Rome
Leonine sermons and sacramentary tradition deepen the Roman sense of the Mass as the mystery of Christ.
c. 5th–8th c.
Liturgija
Rome
The pope celebrates Mass at designated station churches across Rome through the liturgical year.
c. 380–450
Doktori
Ravenna
Golden Word; short homilies from Ravenna.
c. 400–c. 450
Oci
Constantinople
Church History from A.D. 323–425; parallel to Socrates.
d. c. 450
Oci
Lérins
Commonitory; the Vincentian canon of orthodoxy.
c. 376–444
Doktori
Alexandria
Council of Ephesus; Theotokos; Christological teaching.
440–461
Pape
Rome
Tome of Leo shapes Chalcedon; meets Attila; strengthens the Roman See.
c. 380–c. 439
Oci
Constantinople
Church History covering A.D. 305–438; continuation of Eusebius.
c. 360–435
Oci
Marseille
Bridges Eastern monasticism to the Latin West; Conferences.
432–440
Pape
Rome
431
Dogme
Ephesus
The Council of Ephesus proclaims that the Virgin Mary is truly Mother of God, because the One born of her is the eternal Son made flesh.
431
Sabori
Ephesus
Mary proclaimed Theotokos; Nestorianism condemned.
431
Oci
Ephesus
Mary proclaimed Theotokos; Nestorianism condemned.
354–430
Doktori
Hippo
Confessions; City of God; doctor of grace and the West.
c. 363–c. 425
Oci
Aquitaine
Life of St. Martin; Chronicle; Gallic monastic historian.
422–432
Pape
Rome
c. 347–420
Doktori
Bethlehem
Latin Vulgate; biblical scholarship from Bethlehem.
c. 363–c. 425
Oci
Gaul
Life of St. Martin and Dialogues — chronicler of Gallic monasticism.
418–422
Pape
Rome
418–419
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Boniface I.
417–418
Pape
Rome
c. 345–411
Oci
Aquileia
Translator of Origen and Eusebius; Ecclesiastical History continuation.
410
Svjetovna
Rome
Visigoths sack the Eternal City — a shock that frames Augustine’s City of God.
c. 349–407
Doktori
Constantinople
Golden Mouth; preacher of Constantinople; biblical homilies.
402–417
Pape
Rome
c. 4th c. onward
Liturgija
Milan
The Church of Milan preserves its own Latin rite alongside the Roman — later exempted from Tridentine uniformity.
c. 400
Liturgija
Hippo
Augustine’s preaching and City of God shape Western understanding of the Eucharist as sign and true sacrifice.
c. 4th–5th c.
Liturgija
Rome
The central Eucharistic Prayer of the Roman Rite (Canon Missae) settles into the form known through the Middle Ages.
400
Oci
English volume from the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Schaff). Multiple works on the Fathers catalog may open this same volume.
400
Oci
English volume from the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Schaff). Multiple works on the Fathers catalog may open this same volume.
400
Oci
English volume from the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Schaff). Multiple works on the Fathers catalog may open this same volume.
399–401
Pape
Rome
c. 345–399
Oci
Egypt
Desert ascetic and theorist of prayer; Praktikos and Chapters on Prayer.
c. 313–398
Oci
Alexandria
Alexandrian exegete; On the Holy Spirit — teacher of Jerome and Rufinus.
c. 340–397
Doktori
Milan
Bishop and doctor; baptized Augustine; hymns and Scripture teaching.
395
Svjetovna
Constantinople / Milan
Death of Theodosius I; Arcadius rules from Constantinople, Honorius in the West. The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire takes lasting shape.
c. 335–395
Oci
Nyssa
Cappadocian Father; Life of Moses; mystical theology.
391–392
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Imperial laws suppress public pagan cult; the temples lose their civic role.
c. 390
Liturgija
Milan
Milanese mystagogical preaching explains the Mass and the Real Presence to the newly baptized.
c. 329–390
Doktori
Nazianzus
The Theologian; Five Theological Orations on the Trinity.
c. 313–386
Doktori
Jerusalem
Catechetical Lectures; mystagogy for the newly baptized.
384–399
Pape
Rome
381
Dogme
Constantinople
The First Council of Constantinople affirms that the Holy Spirit is Lord and Giver of life, to be worshiped with the Father and the Son.
381
Sabori
Constantinople
Expands the Creed; affirms the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
381
Oci
Constantinople
Expands the Creed; affirms the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
c. 4th c.
Liturgija
Rome
Greek gradually yields to Latin in the Roman Mass; the Roman Canon takes a stable Latin form.
380
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Nicene Christianity established as the religion of the Empire.
c. 330–379
Doktori
Caesarea
Cappadocian Father; monastic rule; On the Holy Spirit.
c. 296–373
Doktori
Alexandria
Champion of Nicaea against Arianism; On the Incarnation.
c. 306–373
Doktori
Edessa
Harp of the Spirit; hymns and biblical commentary in Syriac.
c. 310–367
Doktori
Poitiers
Western defender of Nicaea; On the Trinity.
366–384
Pape
Rome
366–367
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Damasus I.
361–363
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Last pagan emperor attempts to restore the old cults; dies on campaign in Persia.
355–365
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Often treated historically as an antipope.
352–366
Pape
Rome
c. 350–360
Liturgija
Egypt
An early Egyptian euchologion shows the developing shape of the Eucharistic Prayer outside Rome.
c. 270–c. 345
Oci
Persia
Persian Sage; Demonstrations — early Syriac ascetical and doctrinal writings.
c. 260–339
Oci
Caesarea
Church History; Life of Constantine; foundational Christian historiography.
337–352
Pape
Rome
336
Pape
Rome
330
Svjetovna
Constantinople
New Rome on the Bosphorus; Christian imperial capital of the East.
c. 255–330
Oci
Of Sicca; Against the Heathen — late Latin apology from a convert from paganism.
325
Dogme
Nicaea
The First Council of Nicaea solemnly confesses that the Son is true God, of one substance (homoousios) with the Father — against Arianism.
325
Sabori
Nicaea
First ecumenical council; confesses the Son as consubstantial with the Father.
325
Oci
Nicaea
First ecumenical council; confesses the Son as consubstantial with the Father.
c. 250–325
Oci
Christian Cicero; Divine Institutes — systematic Latin apology before Nicaea.
324
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Constantine defeats Licinius; one Christian-friendly emperor rules East and West.
314–336
Pape
Rome
313
Svjetovna
Milan
Legal toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
312
Svjetovna
Rome
Constantine’s victory; Chi-Rho; path to Christian toleration in the Empire.
311–314
Pape
Rome
311
Svjetovna
Nicomedia / East
Galerius ends the Great Persecution in the East and asks Christians to pray for the Empire.
c. 250–311
Oci
Bishop and martyr; Symposium on virginity; critic of Origen’s eschatology.
d. 311
Oci
Bishop of Alexandria; martyr under Diocletian; canons on the lapsed.
309
Pape
Rome
308–309
Pape
Rome
d. c. 306
Oci
Bishop of Thmuis; martyr; letter and apology before the prefect Culcianus.
d. c. 304
Oci
Victorinus of Pettau — earliest Latin commentary on Revelation; martyr.
303–313
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
The last and fiercest empire-wide persecution: churches razed, Scriptures burned, clergy imprisoned; ends with Galerius’s toleration and the Edict of Milan.
c. 260–300
Oci
Bishop of Alexandria; pastoral letter to Lucianus on clergy and almsgiving.
c. 3rd c.
Oci
Ante-Nicene witness preserved among the ANF fragments and notices.
296–304
Pape
Rome
284–305
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Diocletian restructures the Empire; the stage is set for the last and greatest persecution.
283–296
Pape
Rome
c. 230–280
Oci
Alexandrian teacher; Hypotyposeis — early systematic outline of Christian doctrine.
c. 250–278
Oci
Bishop in Mesopotamia; Acts of the Disputation with Manes — anti-Manichaean dialogue.
275–283
Pape
Rome
c. 230–275
Oci
Alexandrian catechist called “Origen the Younger”; fragments of Easter and Hosea homilies.
c. 270–275
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Aurelian restores imperial unity after breakaway empires; brief late pressure on Christians before his death.
c. 213–270
Oci
Wonder-worker of Neocaesarea; Panegyric on Origen; creed and pastoral letters.
c. 250–270
Oci
Presbyter of Antioch; epistle against Paul of Samosata at the synod of Antioch.
269–274
Pape
Rome
c. 200–264
Oci
Dionysius of Alexandria — bishop and correspondent on baptism, schism, and the Trinity.
259–268
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 259 to 268
c. 200–258
Oci
Bishop of Carthage; On the Unity of the Church; letters and martyrdom under Valerian.
c. 200–258
Oci
Roman theologian; On the Trinity; later rigorist schism over the lapsed.
257–260
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Edicts against clergy and Christian assemblies; martyrdom of Pope St. Sixtus II and St. Lawrence; St. Cyprian in Africa.
257–258
Pape
Rome
254–257
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 254 to 257
c. 184–254
Oci
Alexandrian exegete; On First Principles, Hexapla, and vast biblical commentaries.
253–254
Pape
Rome
251–258
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. Founder of Novatianism; in opposition to Cornelius and successors.
251–253
Pape
Rome
250–251
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
First empire-wide demand that all sacrifice to the gods; certificates of sacrifice; many martyrs and lapsi — a turning point for Church discipline.
c. 250
Liturgija
Carthage
Cyprian insists water be mixed with wine in the Lord’s cup, linking the rite to Church unity.
c. 200–250
Oci
Alexander of Jerusalem — bishop and martyr; friend of Origen; letters and fragments.
c. 200–250
Oci
Alexander of Cappadocia / Jerusalem — bishop, correspondent of Origen, and martyr.
3rd c.
Oci
Roman Africa / Gaul (uncertain)
Latin Christian poet; Instructions in Favour of Christian Discipline against the gods of the heathen.
c. 180–250
Oci
Early Christian writer; fragments on the Trinity and the true faith (Theodotus).
c. 160–240
Oci
Chronographer of the early Church; Chronographiai and letters on sacred history.
236–250
Pape
Rome
235–284
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Civil war, plague, and invasion nearly shatter the Empire before Diocletian restores order.
c. 235–238
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Brief empire-wide hostility targeting clergy and Church leaders.
235–236
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from 235 to 236
c. 170–235
Oci
Roman theologian; Refutation of All Heresies; Apostolic Tradition; martyr.
230–235
Pape
Rome
222–230
Pape
Rome
c. 155–220
Oci
Carthaginian Latin father; Apology, Against Marcion; coined much Trinitarian vocabulary.
218–222
Pape
Rome
217–235
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Callixtus I, Urban I, and Pontian; later reconciled.
c. 180–217
Oci
Roman presbyter; fragments against the Montanists and on the Roman church.
c. 215
Liturgija
Rome
An early Church order preserves an anaphora and ordination rites that illuminate third-century Roman practice.
c. 150–215
Oci
Head of the Alexandrian catechetical school; Stromata, Paedagogus, Protrepticus.
c. 150–210
Oci
Latin apologist; Octavius — dialogue defending the faith against pagan critique.
c. 202
Svjetovna
Roman Empire / Africa
Imperial edict against conversion; martyrs include Sts. Perpetua and Felicity at Carthage.
c. 130–202
Doktori
Bishop of Lyons; Against Heresies — apostolic tradition against Gnosticism.
c. early Church–medieval
Liturgija
Rome / West
The sign of peace, attested from Justin onward, shifts place and form across centuries of Roman practice.
199–217
Pape
Rome
199–200
Pape
Rome
Antipope · Rome. In opposition to Zephyrinus; later reconciled.
c. 133–190
Oci
Athenagoras of Athens — Plea for the Christians and On the Resurrection.
189–199
Pape
Rome
c. 120–183
Oci
Bishop of Antioch; To Autolycus — early use of the word “Trinity.”
c. 180
Liturgija
Lyons
Against Heresies teaches the Eucharist as the Church’s pure sacrifice foretold by Malachi.
c. 180
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
End of the Antonine age; pressures mount on the classical order.
c. 120–180
Oci
Disciple of Justin; Address to the Greeks; compiler of the Diatessaron.
177
Svjetovna
Lyons / Vienne
Under Marcus Aurelius, fierce local persecution in Gaul; martyrs include St. Blandina and St. Pothinus.
175–189
Pape
Rome
168–174
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from c. 167 to c. 174
c. 100–165
Oci
Philosopher-martyr; First and Second Apology; Dialogue with Trypho.
c. 155
Liturgija
Rome
The First Apology outlines readings, a homily, the kiss of peace, the offering, and Communion — an early shape of the Mass.
c. 69–155
Oci
Bishop of Smyrna; disciple of John; Letter to the Philippians and martyrdom account.
150–160
Pape
Rome
c. 130–150
Oci
Epistle to Diognetus — anonymous apology on Christian life in the world.
c. 100–150
Oci
The Shepherd of Hermas — visions, mandates, and similitudes on repentance.
140–154
Pape
Rome
138–140
Pape
Rome
132–135
Svjetovna
Judea
Final major Jewish revolt against Rome; Judea renamed Syria Palaestina.
126–130
Pape
Rome
115–120
Pape
Rome
c. 112
Svjetovna
Bithynia / Rome
Pliny’s letters from Bithynia; Trajan forbids hunting Christians yet punishes those who refuse to sacrifice — a standing legal pattern for decades.
c. 107–110
Liturgija
Antioch / Asia Minor
Ignatius calls the Eucharist the flesh of Christ and urges unity at one altar under the bishop.
107–110
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from c. 107 to c. 115
d. c. 107
Oci
Bishop of Antioch; letters on unity, the Eucharist, and martyrdom en route to Rome.
late 1st c.
Oci
Epistle of Barnabas — early Christian allegory of the Law and the two ways.
99–105
Pape
Rome
c. 35–99
Oci
Bishop of Rome; First Clement to Corinth — early papal authority and church order.
c. 35–99
Oci
Bishop of Rome; First Clement to Corinth — early papal authority and church order.
c. 35–99
Oci
The Epistles of Clement — apostolic-era letters from the Roman church to Corinth.
c. 95
Svjetovna
Roman Empire
Second wave of imperial hostility; exile of St. John and pressure on the Church in Asia traditionally linked to Domitian.
c. 90–110
Liturgija
Syria / Mediterranean
The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles preserves early Eucharistic thanksgiving prayers and Sunday assembly norms.
c. 70–100
Oci
Syria / Palestine
The Didache (“Teaching of the Twelve Apostles”) is among the earliest Christian writings outside the New Testament — a short handbook of moral teaching, baptism, fasting, prayer, the Eucharist, and local church order. Most scholars date it to the late first or early second century (often c. 70–100), likely in Syria or Palestine. The Church has never received the Didache as Sacred Scripture. It stands with the Apostolic Fathers and early “church orders”: historically precious and useful as a window on primitive practice, but not canonical. Catholics may read it with profit as ancient catechesis, while measuring it against Scripture and the later defined faith of the Church. Its opening “Two Ways” (of life and of death) echoes Jewish moral tradition and the Gospel’s ethical demand. It gives early directions for baptism (preferably in living water; trinitarian formula), Wednesday and Friday fasting, the Lord’s Prayer thrice daily, and thanksgiving prayers over the cup and broken bread — among the oldest extant Eucharistic texts. It also speaks of itinerant prophets, Sunday assembly, and appointing bishops and deacons. This hosted English text is the public-domain Ante-Nicene Fathers translation (M.B. Riddle, 1886), from the Greek rediscovered in 1873 (Codex Hierosolymitanus). Related material also appears under the Collections dossier “Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions”; the longer Apostolic Constitutions are a later compilation and are not simply identical with the Didache.
88–99
Pape
Rome
c. 80
Svjetovna
Rome
The Flavian Amphitheatre opens in Rome; later memory binds it to Christian martyrdom.
79–92
Pape
Rome
70
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Titus sacks Jerusalem; end of Temple sacrifice; Judaism and the Church take new forms.
67–79
Pape
Rome
Head of the Catholic Church from c. 68 to c. 80
64
Svjetovna
Rome
Fire of Rome; Christians blamed; first imperial persecution; martyrdoms of Peter and Paul traditionally dated here.
c. 50–100
Liturgija
Jerusalem / Mediterranean
The Acts of the Apostles describe the faithful devoted to the apostles’ teaching and the breaking of the bread.
c. 50
Sabori
Jerusalem
The apostles discern that Gentile converts need not keep the full Mosaic law.
40
Marijansko ukazanje
Zaragoza, Spain
Odobrio biskup
c. AD 36–37
Svjetovna
Judea / Rome
After suppressing a Samaritan gathering at Mount Gerizim, Vitellius (legate of Syria) orders Pilate to Rome. Tiberius dies before the hearing. Pilate’s birth and death dates are unknown; later Christian tradition alone speaks of his suicide.
c. 34–36
Damascus road
Saul of Tarsus meets the risen Christ on the road to Damascus; Apostle to the Nations.
33–67
Pape
Rome
First among the Apostles; martyred in Rome under Nero.
c. 33
Liturgija
Jerusalem
Christ institutes the Eucharist at the Passover meal — the origin of the Mass.
c. 30–33
Jerusalem
The Holy Spirit descends on the Apostles; the Church begins her public mission from Jerusalem.
c. 30–33
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
The central events of salvation history in Jerusalem under Pontius Pilate.
c. 28–30
Machaerus
Beheaded by Herod Antipas; the Church honors his passion on 29 August.
c. 27–29
Jordan River
Christ is baptized by John in the Jordan; the Trinity is revealed; public ministry begins.
c. AD 26
Svjetovna
Judea (Caesarea)
Fifth Roman prefect of Judea under Tiberius; he will preside at the trial of Jesus.
14
Svjetovna
Rome
Augustus dies; Tiberius rules during the public ministry and Passion of Christ.
c. AD 8
Jerusalem
At about twelve years of age, Jesus is found among the teachers in the Temple.
c. 6–4 BC
Bethlehem
Incarnation in Bethlehem of Judea under Herod and Augustus.
c. 5–4 BC
Bethlehem / Egypt
Herod seeks the Child’s life; the Holy Family flees to Egypt; the Holy Innocents are martyred.
c. 6–4 BC
Jerusalem
Mary and Joseph present the Child according to the Law; Simeon and Anna prophesy — Candlemas.
4 BC
Svjetovna
Judea
Herod dies; his kingdom is divided among his sons under Roman oversight.
c. 6–5 BC
Nazareth
The angel Gabriel announces that Mary will conceive the Son of God by the Holy Spirit; feast on 25 March.
c. 6–5 BC
Judea
Forerunner of the Lord; born to Zechariah and Elizabeth about six months before Christ.
c. 6–5 BC
Judean hill country
Mary visits Elizabeth; John leaps in the womb; the Magnificat is sung.
c. 7–5 BC
Nazareth
Mary is betrothed to Joseph of the house of David before the Annunciation.
c. 15–12 BC
Jerusalem
Tradition honors Mary’s dedication in the Temple; feast on 21 November.
c. 18–15 BC
Nazareth
Nativity of Mary, Mother of God — traditionally honored on 8 September.
c. 20 BC
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Grand rebuilding of the Second Temple complex in Jerusalem.
27 BC
Svjetovna
Rome
The Principate begins; Pax Romana — the imperial world into which Christ is born.
31 BC
Svjetovna
Actium, Greece
Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra; sole power in Rome is secured.
49–31 BC
Svjetovna
Rome
Civil wars from Caesar’s Rubicon to Actium end the Republic and open the way to empire.
63 BC
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Rome enters Judea; the Holy Land comes under Roman political power.
146 BC
Svjetovna
Corinth / Carthage
Greece and Africa fall under Roman dominion; the Republic rules the Mediterranean world.
167–160 BC
Svjetovna
Judea
Jewish resistance to Seleucid persecution; rededication of the Temple (Hanukkah).
264–146 BC
Svjetovna
Mediterranean
Rome defeats Carthage and becomes master of the western Mediterranean.
336–323 BC
Svjetovna
Macedonia / Near East
Hellenistic empires spread Greek language and culture across the Near East.
490–479 BC
Svjetovna
Greece
Greek victory over Persia preserves the independence of the Hellenic world.
c. 508 BC
Svjetovna
Athens
Classical political experiment that later influences the West.
509 BC
Svjetovna
Rome
Traditional expulsion of the kings; consuls and the Republic replace the monarchy — the constitutional order of Rome for nearly five centuries.
c. 516 BC
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Temple worship restored under Zerubbabel after the exile.
538 BC
Svjetovna
Jerusalem / Persia
Persia permits Judeans to return and rebuild the Temple.
586 BC
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Babylon razes Jerusalem; Judah goes into exile.
722 BC
Svjetovna
Samaria
Assyria destroys Samaria; the ten tribes are exiled.
c. 8th c. BC
Svjetovna
Greece
Epic culture and city-states that shape the classical West.
753 BC
Svjetovna
Rome
Legendary foundation date of the city that will rule the Mediterranean.
c. 930 BC
Svjetovna
Israel / Judah
Israel (north) and Judah (south) split after Solomon.
c. 960 BC
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
Solomon’s Temple; sacrificial worship centered in Jerusalem.
c. 1000 BC
Svjetovna
Jerusalem
City of David becomes the political and cultic heart of Israel.
c. 13th c. BC
Svjetovna
Egypt / Sinai
Israel’s deliverance from Egypt — founding memory of the covenant people.
c. 1800 BC
Svjetovna
Canaan / Mesopotamia
Traditional setting of Abraham’s call and the beginnings of Israel’s story.
Nijedan događaj ne odgovara odabranim filtrima.